In 2024, Google claimed that their data centers are 1.5x extra power environment friendly than trade common. In 2025, Microsoft committed billions to nuclear power for AI workloads. The information heart trade tracks energy utilization effectiveness to a few decimal locations and optimizes water utilization depth with machine precision. We report direct emissions and power emissions with non secular fervor.
These are laudable advances, however these metrics account for under 30 p.c of whole emissions from the IT sector. Nearly all of the emissions aren’t immediately from information facilities or the power they use, however from the end-user units that really entry the information facilities, emissions attributable to manufacturing the {hardware}, and software inefficiencies. We’re frantically optimizing lower than a 3rd of the IT sector’s environmental affect, whereas the majority of the issue goes unmeasured.
Incomplete regulatory frameworks are a part of the issue. In Europe, the Company Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) now requires 11,700 corporations to report emissions utilizing these incomplete frameworks. The subsequent section of the directive, protecting 40,000+ further corporations, was initially scheduled for 2026 (however is probably going delayed to 2028). Within the United States, the requirements physique liable for IT sustainability metrics (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 39) is conducting lively revision of its requirements by way of 2026, with a key plenary assembly in Might 2026.
The time to behave is now. If we don’t repair the measurement frameworks, we threat locking in incomplete data collection and optimizing a fraction of what issues for the subsequent 5 to 10 years, earlier than the subsequent main requirements revision.
The restricted metrics
Stroll into any fashionable information heart and also you’ll see sustainability instrumentation in all places. Energy utilization effectivity (PUE) displays observe each watt. Water utilization effectivity (WUE) methods measure water consumption all the way down to the gallon. Subtle monitoring captures every thing from server utilization to cooling effectivity to renewable energy percentages.
However right here’s what these measurements miss: Finish-user units globally emit 1.5 to 2 instances extra carbon than all information facilities mixed, in line with McKinsey’s 2022 report. The smartphones, laptops, and tablets we use to entry these ultra-efficient information facilities are the larger drawback.
Information heart operations, as measured by energy utilization effectivity, account for under 24 p.c of the whole emissions.
On the conservative finish of the vary from McKinsey’s report, units emit 1.5 instances as a lot as information facilities. That signifies that information facilities make up 40 p.c of whole IT emissions, whereas units make up 60 p.c.
On prime of that, roughly 75 percent of gadget emissions happen not throughout use, however throughout manufacturing—that is so-called embodied carbon. For information facilities, solely 40 p.c is embodied carbon, and 60 percent comes from operations (as measured by PUE).
Placing this collectively, information heart operations, as measured by PUE, account for under 24 p.c of the whole emissions. Information heart embodied carbon is 16 p.c, gadget embodied carbon is 45 p.c, and gadget operation is 15 p.c.
Below the EU’s present CSRD framework, corporations should report their emissions in three classes: direct emissions from owned sources, oblique emissions from bought power, and a 3rd class for every thing else.
This “every thing else” class does embrace gadget emissions and embodied carbon. Nevertheless, these emissions are reported as combination totals damaged down by accounting class—Capital Items, Bought Items and Companies, Use of Bought Merchandise—however not by product kind. How a lot comes from end-user units versus datacenter infrastructure, or worker laptops versus community gear, stays murky, and due to this fact, unoptimized.
Embodied carbon and {hardware} reuse
Manufacturing a single smartphone generates roughly 50 kg CO2 equal (CO2e). For a laptop computer, it’s 200 kg CO2e. With 1 billion smartphones changed yearly, that’s 50 million tonnes of CO2e per 12 months simply from smartphone manufacturing, earlier than anybody even turns them on. On common, smartphones are changed each 2 years, laptops each 3 to 4 years, and printers each 5 years. Information heart servers are changed roughly each 5 years.
Extending smartphone lifecycles to three years as a substitute of two would cut back annual manufacturing emissions by 33 p.c. At scale, this dwarfs information heart optimization good points.
There are packages geared in the direction of reusing previous elements which can be nonetheless purposeful and integrating them into new servers. GreenSKUs and comparable initiatives present 8 p.c reductions in embodied carbon are achievable. However these stay pilot packages, not systematic approaches. And critically, they’re measured solely in information heart context, not throughout your entire IT stack.
Think about applying the identical round economic system rules to units. With over 2 billion laptops in existence globally and 2-3-year alternative cycles, even modest lifespan extensions create large emission reductions. Extending smartphone lifecycles to three years as a substitute of two would cut back annual manufacturing emissions by 33 p.c. At scale, this dwarfs information heart optimization good points.
But information heart reuse will get measured, reported, and optimized. Machine reuse doesn’t, as a result of the frameworks don’t require it.
The invisible function of software program
Main load balancer infrastructure throughout IBM Cloud, I see how software architecture selections ripple by way of power consumption. Inefficient code doesn’t simply gradual issues down—it drives up each information heart energy consumption and gadget battery drain.
For instance, College of Waterloo researchers showed that they’ll cut back 30 p.c of power use in information facilities by altering simply 30 strains of code. From my perspective, this end result shouldn’t be an anomaly—it’s typical. Unhealthy software program structure forces pointless information transfers, redundant computations, and extreme useful resource use. However not like information heart effectivity, there’s no generally accepted metric for software program effectivity.
This issues extra now than ever. With AI workloads driving large information heart enlargement—projected to eat 6.7-12 p.c of whole U.S. electrical energy by 2028, according to Lawrence Berkeley Nationwide Laboratory—software program effectivity turns into vital.
What wants to alter
The answer isn’t to cease measuring information heart effectivity. It’s to measure gadget sustainability with the identical rigor. Particularly, requirements our bodies (notably ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 39 WG4: Holistic Sustainability Metrics) ought to prolong frameworks to incorporate gadget lifecycle monitoring, software program effectivity metrics, and {hardware} reuse requirements.
To trace gadget lifecycles, we want standardized reporting of gadget embodied carbon, damaged out individually by gadget. One combination quantity in an “every thing else” class is inadequate. We’d like particular gadget classes with manufacturing emissions and alternative cycles seen.
To incorporate software program effectivity, I advocate growing a PUE-equivalent for software program, corresponding to power per transaction, per API name, or per consumer session. This must be a reportable metric beneath sustainability frameworks so corporations can exhibit software program optimization good points.
To encourage {hardware} reuse, we have to systematize reuse metrics throughout the total IT stack—servers and units. This consists of monitoring restore charges, growing large-scale refurbishment packages, and monitoring part reuse with the identical element at the moment utilized to information heart {hardware}.
To place all of it collectively, we want a unified IT emission-tracking dashboard. CSRD reporting ought to present gadget embodied carbon alongside information heart operational emissions, making the total IT sustainability image seen at a look.
These aren’t radical adjustments—they’re extensions of measurement rules already confirmed in information heart context. Step one is acknowledging what we’re not measuring. The second is constructing the frameworks to measure it. And the third is demanding that corporations report the whole image—information facilities and units, servers and smartphones, infrastructure and software program.
As a result of you possibly can’t repair what you possibly can’t see. And proper now, we’re not seeing 70 p.c of the issue.
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