This publish initially appeared on Recode China AI.
When Tesla rolled out its much-anticipated pilot robotaxi service in Austin, Texas, final month—a fleet of 10 to twenty Mannequin Y SUVs with “robotaxi” stickers and minor modifications—the tech and automotive worlds paused in awe. However 1000’s of miles away, executives at China’s main autonomous driving corporations didn’t flinch.
“Tesla isn’t even sitting on the [robotaxi] desk but,” Lou Tiancheng, CTO of Chinese language autonomous automobile firm Pony.ai, remarked during an interview in Might. Final 12 months, Wang Yunpeng, head of the autonomous driving unit at Baidu, China’s search engine and AI big, claimed Tesla was at the very least three to five years behind.
The measure of robotaxi success isn’t flashy demos or tech-day reveals—it’s large-scale, business, absolutely autonomous public service. By that normal, Tesla stays far behind. Globally, solely Alphabet’s Waymo and a handful of Chinese language corporations have overcome this barrier.
Evaluating robotaxi operations: Waymo leads within the United States; Baidu dominates in China.Recode China AI
Whereas Waymo pioneered the robotaxi, practically each different firm offering common public highway service is Chinese language. It mirrors the worldwide electric vehicle market the place, apart from Tesla, Chinese language carmakers like BYD dominate the highest ranks.
China’s Robotaxi Trio: Baidu, Pony.ai, WeRide
On the middle of this push is Baidu, typically thought of the West Point of China’s autonomous automobile (AV) business. Its alumni populate virtually all the autonomous driving supply chain in China, from chips to software development to robotaxis.
When Baidu started self-driving analysis in 2013, it envisioned turning into the Android of AV—a software program ecosystem supplier to automakers worldwide. However China’s fiercely aggressive automotive panorama quashed this ambition. High Chinese language electrical automakers, resembling Li Auto and XPeng, opted to develop their very own superior driver-assistance programs (ADAS), whereas lower-tier corporations turned to telecom big Huawei or drone maker DJI. Baidu’s personal electrical automobile enterprise, Jidu, folded final 12 months.
But regardless of these setbacks, Baidu’s robotaxi service, Apollo Go (identified affectionately in China as “Luobo Kuaipao” or Carrot Runs Quick), is flourishing. In 2022, it grew to become China’s first fully driverless commercial robotaxi operator—a milestone for the business. In the present day, Apollo Go operates a fleet of 1,000 robotaxis throughout 15 cities, from Beijing to Shenzhen, offering 1.4 million rides within the first quarter of 2025 alone.
Baidu’s largest operations hub is Wuhan, a megacity in central China with greater than 13 million individuals, strategically chosen for its supportive regulatory setting and its standing as China’s automotive heartland. Baidu’s sixth-generation robotaxi is a glossy automobile with coated steering wheels and rear sliding doorways. Nonetheless, 1,000 automobiles are modest in comparison with China’s huge conventional taxi market and massive ride-hailing fleets.
Scorching on Baidu’s heels are Pony.ai and WeRide, which have been based by former Baidu executives in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Each started in Silicon Valley and moved again to Guangzhou. Each went public on NASDAQ practically concurrently in 2024.
With backing from Toyota, Pony.ai is aiming to supply 1,000 of its robotaxis this 12 months.Pony.ai
Pony.ai, backed by Toyota and co-founded by ex-Baidu govt James Peng and coding prodigy Tiancheng Lou, operates 270 robotaxis. By 12 months finish, they purpose to scale manufacturing to 1,000 of their seventh-generation robotaxis, co-developed with Toyota and two native Chinese language automakers. Pony.ai has not disclosed its robotaxi order numbers however claims a powerful 1-to-20 ratio of distant security operators to autos and says its operational footprint is roughly 20 occasions the dimensions of Waymo’s service space in San Francisco.
Since its NASDAQ debut, Pony.ai has attracted important consideration, together with a partnership with Uber and rumored discussions involving Uber’s controversial founder, Travis Kalanick, who was supposedly eager about acquiring the company’s U.S. operations.
WeRide, one other firm based by Baidu’s veterans, overcame early turmoil when its co-founder, former Baidu govt Wang Jing, stepped down amid a lawsuit alleging trade-secret misappropriation. CTO Tony Han stepped in, steering WeRide to success with a 500-robotaxi fleet and diversified choices together with robo-buses and autonomous avenue sweepers. WeRide additionally collaborates with Bosch, the German expertise big and WeRide’s main investor, on ADAS improvement, although main business purchasers stay elusive.
WeRide launched the Center East’s first robotaxi service in Abu Dhabi this 12 months. WeRide
Now these corporations are turning outward, eyeing abroad enlargement in Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Center East—racing to assert world robotaxi territory forward of American opponents. Early this 12 months, Baidu expanded into Dubai and Abu Dhabi after securing highway‑take a look at permits and reportedly plans to enter Singapore, Malaysia, and Switzerland. Pony.ai signed an settlement with Dubai’s transit authority, aiming for absolutely driverless operations by 2026 and maintains take a look at operations in South Korea and Luxembourg. WeRide partnered with Uber for pilot operations in Abu Dhabi, turning into the Center East’s first absolutely driverless robotaxi service and plans enlargement into 15 extra cities globally over the following 5 years.
Value Benefits and Complicated Roads
Technologically, Chinese language robotaxi corporations have largely used Waymo’s playbook in {hardware}—combining lidar, radar, cameras, precision GPS, and high-definition maps. Their benefit is price. Due to China’s manufacturing prowess, these corporations may rapidly scale fleets when prepared. For instance, Baidu introduced robotaxi manufacturing prices down to only US $28,000 per automobile—a fraction of Waymo’s hundreds-of-thousands-per-vehicle expense, on par with Tesla’s forthcoming CyberCab. Pony.ai, in the meantime, boasted a 68 p.c drop in lidar prices and an 80 p.c discount in computing prices with the launch of its seventh-generation robotaxi.
Tesla launched its robotaxi service in Austin, Texas, with a handful of autos in restricted areas of town. Tim Goessman/Bloomberg/Getty Photos
Their software program is a mix of AI models and rule-based code, designed to interpret visitors patterns, predict behaviors, and execute driving selections. All three Chinese language robotaxi corporations now boast “end-to-end” programs—a time period popularized by Tesla that refers to AI fashions able to processing uncooked sensor knowledge and immediately outputting driving actions.
Not like Waymo’s early suburban testing in Phoenix, Chinese language robotaxis are educated within the dense, chaotic streets of Beijing and Guangzhou, the place roads are sometimes full of motorbikes, bicycles, and avenue distributors. The power to function in such circumstances may arguably make their programs extra adaptable.
Regulatory Hurdles and Chip Reliance
But challenges persist, principally regulatory hurdles. Neither China nor the US has enacted nationwide legal guidelines governing robotaxis, leaving the regulation to states and cities. Because of this, the business operates underneath a fragmented patchwork of local-level insurance policies, with every jurisdiction setting its personal guidelines and necessities.
Not like some U.S. states, that are faster with permits however stringent on ongoing security monitoring, Chinese language cities initially demand rigorous testing earlier than granting permits.
Virtually all Chinese language cities that enable robotaxis solely allow their operation inside geofenced zones, typically in suburban districts away from dense downtown areas. In distinction, Waymo’s service is allowed to cowl large parts of San Francisco, together with downtown.
Apparently, Chinese language AV corporations have leveraged Waymo’s progress to spur authorities assist at house. When Waymo’s experience quantity surged final 12 months, Chinese language corporations intensified their lobbying efforts, urging regulators for extra expansive working permissions.
Waymo operates greater than 1,500 robotaxis within the metropolitan areas of 4 U.S. cities.Craig F. Walker/The Boston Globe/Getty Photos
Social points additionally loom massive. Apollo Go’s enlargement in Wuhan final 12 months sparked protests from native taxi drivers who feared for his or her livelihoods. In response, the Wuhan Transportation Bureau clarified that Apollo Go operates solely 400 robotaxis within the metropolis. Baidu CEO Robin Li acknowledged the issues, emphasizing that scaling robotaxi operations shall be a gradual course of that will take many years.
Profitability is one other problem for all robotaxi corporations. Regardless of rising experience volumes and enhancing {hardware} economics, not one of the gamers have but reached break-even. Most providers stay closely backed, particularly throughout pilot phases. Pony.ai has set the aim of turning profitable by 2029.
One other strategic dependency is chips. Most Chinese language robotaxi fleets are presently powered by Nvidia chips, significantly the extensively used Orin system-on-chip. These chips deal with the majority of sensor fusion, notion, and path-planning workloads. The reliance on a U.S. provider poses geopolitical and provide chain dangers. Latest export restrictions and rising tensions between the US and China have prompted some Chinese language corporations to discover domestic alternatives, however thus far, no native chipmaker has matched Nvidia’s AV computing capabilities.
Tesla’s Uphill Climb
The place does this go away Tesla? Elon Musk’s vision-only strategy to robotaxis is spectacular, however the leap to true Degree 4 or 5 autonomy—autos that drive totally on their very own in any circumstances—stays dauntingly excessive. Tesla’s modest Austin pilot reveals that the corporate will want the identical cautious geographic enlargement and security monitoring that Waymo and Baidu employed years earlier. Whereas Tesla’s manufacturing scale may ultimately dwarf Waymo and Chinese language gamers, the final word winners will finally be decided by security, operational excellence, passenger belief, and regulatory navigation.
Tesla should brace for fierce world competitors from Chinese language robotaxi corporations already establishing footholds worldwide. Simply as Tesla as soon as discovered itself surrounded by Chinese language electrical automobile rivals, robotaxis may very well be subsequent.
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